Periodontal Disease

What Is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal care becomes essential when conditions begin to impact the health of your gums and the underlying jawbone structures that support your teeth. The long-term stability of your natural teeth relies heavily on proper periodontal treatment and ongoing maintenance. Healthy gums play a crucial role in enhancing the appearance of your smile, much like a frame enhances a work of art. When gum tissue becomes unhealthy, it may recede or appear swollen and red. As the disease advances, the bone that supports the teeth can deteriorate, causing teeth to shift, loosen, or even fall out. These changes can interfere with chewing, speaking, and overall confidence in your smile.

Periodontal disease refers to chronic infections of the gum tissue that gradually damage the structures supporting your teeth. This condition may affect one or more periodontal components, including the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, or gingiva. While multiple conditions can impact these structures, plaque-related inflammatory diseases are the most common and are generally classified into two categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is the milder form and, although it may not always progress further, it consistently precedes periodontitis.

Gingivitis is primarily caused by dental plaque in individuals who are genetically predisposed. Plaque is a sticky, colorless film made up of food debris and bacteria that collects on teeth at and below the gumline. It forms continuously—even shortly after brushing. The bacteria within plaque release toxins that irritate the gums, leading to inflammation, redness, swelling, and bleeding. If this irritation continues over time, the gums can begin to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets. Without proper daily brushing and flossing, plaque can harden into calculus (tartar), a rough and porous buildup that forms above and below the gumline.

When gingivitis advances into periodontitis, the gum tissue and bone that secure teeth in place begin to break down. The gradual loss of alveolar bone can result in tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss. Periodontitis develops due to harmful bacteria on the tooth surface combined with an exaggerated immune response by the body.

One of the greatest risks of periodontal disease is that it often develops without pain or obvious symptoms. By the age of 45, nearly 80% of Americans are affected by some form of gum disease, and the majority are unaware they have it. Consistent home oral hygiene and routine dental visits are essential in lowering the risk and maintaining long-term oral health.

Periodontal Disease